Hemocompatible polymers on hydrophobic porous polymers

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a medical device comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate. One embodiment of the present invention relates to the providing of expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) with one or more complexes of heparin, typically containing heparin in combination with a hydrophobic counter ion. The hemocompatible substance is dissolved in a mixture of solvents in which a first solvent wets the polymer substrate to be coated and the second solvent enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance material in the solvent mixture. Typical first solvents wetting a hydrophobic polymer substrate include non-polar such as hydrocholorofluorocarbons. Typical second solvents include polar solvents such as organic alcohols and ketones. Azeotropic mixtures of the second solvent in the first solvent are used in some embodiments of the present invention although second solvents may be employed in a range of concentration ranges from less than 0.1% up to saturation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/818,927, filed Apr. 5, 2004, which is a Continuing-in-Part application from U.S. application Ser. No. 09/704,212, filed 31 Oct. 2000, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,153, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of hemocompatible polymers on hydrophobic porous polymeric materials and, in particular, to hemocompatible substances based upon complexes of heparin deposited upon porous hydrophobic polymers, typically expanded PTFE.

2. Description of Related Art

Continuing advances in medical technology have led to the development and use of numerous medical devices that come into contact with blood or other bodily fluids. To be concrete in our discussion, we focus herein on the particular example of medical devices coming into contact with mammalian blood, particularly human blood, not intending thereby to limit the scope of the present invention to medical devices used exclusively on human patients. In using such devices, it is important that contact of the blood or other bodily fluid with the various components of the medical device not cause therapeutically detrimental alterations to the fluid. In many cases, it is desirable to coat such devices with materials to enhance the biocompatiblity of the devices, including coatings that contain bioactive agents, anticoagulants, antimicrobial agents or a variety of other drugs.

It is convenient to consider blood-contacting medical devices as invasive or extra-corporal, although some devices span both classes. Invasive devices are used internally in the treatment of the patient, implanted into the patient for an indefinite or extended period of time or inserted into the patient for relatively brief periods. In many cases, the materials comprising the blood-contacting portions of the invasive device lack sufficient-biocompatibility and/or hemocompatibility. This tends to cause changes harmful to the patient in the blood or other fluid coming into contact with the surface (or surfaces) of the device. In such cases it is desirable to coat the surfaces of these devices with materials to enhance the biocompatibility and/or hemocompatibility. Invasive devices that are typically coated with biocompatible or therapeutic substances include implantable artificial orthopedic devices, dental implants, intravascular catheters, emboli capturing systems, epicardial immobilization devices, grafts, stents, intraluminal prosthetic devices and artificial heart valves, among others.

There are also many examples of extra-corporal medical devices that come into contact with blood in which blood is transported and/or processed external to the patient. A few representative examples include cardiopulmonary bypass devices, kidney dialysis equipment, blood oxygenators, separators and defoaming devices, among others. Following such extra-corporal processing, the blood or other bodily fluid may be reintroduced into the patient, transported for storage and/or introduced into another patient. In using such extra-corporal devices, it is important that contact of the blood or other bodily fluid with the various components of the device not cause therapeutically detrimental alterations to the fluid.

It is important in some cases that the surface or the surfaces of the invasive or extra-corporal medical device be coated with substances having therapeutic functions, wherein the coatings may serve several functions in addition to increasing the biocompatibility/hemocompatibility of the surface. Examples of such additional functions include the release of one or more therapeutic agents into the blood in appropriate dosages with appropriate timed-released characteristics and at the proper location within the patient. Thus, the medical device may serve as a convenient delivery platform for the delivery of therapeutically beneficial drugs in addition to its other functions.

One important application related to implantable devices arises in connection with endoluminal stents, particularly as occurring in connection with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (“PCTA”). Following balloon angioplasty, the lumen of the just-expanded vessel may contract due to several causes. An initial rebound of the walls of the vessel may occur following removal of the balloon. Further thrombosis or restenosis of the blood vessel may occur over time following the angioplasty procedure. The result is often the necessity for another angioplasty procedure or surgical by-pass. Endoluminal stents have been in use for several years in conjunction with a surgical procedure inserting a tube or stent into the vessel following the PCTA procedure to assist in retaining the desired intraluminal opening. A review of the procedure may be found in Endoluminal Stenting by Ulrich Sigwart, Ed. (W. B. Saunders, 1996). A compendium of coronary stents is given in Handbook of Coronary Stents, 3^(rd) Ed. by P. W. Serruys and M. JB Kutryk, Eds. (Martin Dunitz Ltd., 2000). However, even with stenting, occlusions frequently recur within the stent requiring further PCTA or by-pass surgery. Such restenosis following PCTA and the insertion of a stent is sought to be prevented by the use of coated stents. Coatings on stents are often used for the delivery of anticoagulants or other medication that assist in preventing thrombosis and restenosis.

Heparin is an anticoagulant drug composed of a highly sulfated polysaccharide, the principle constituent of which is a glycosaminoglycan. In combination with a protein cofactor, heparin acts as an antithrombin (among other medical effects as described, for example, in Heparin-Binding Proteins, by H. B. Conrad (Academic Press, 1998)). Heparin is an attractive additive to coat on the surface(s) of blood-contacting devices in order to increase the hemocompatibility of the material and/or to release heparin or heparin complexes into the blood to combat thrombosis and restenosis.

The heparin molecule contains numerous hydrophilic groups including hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfate and sulfamino making underivatized heparin difficult to coat onto hydrophobic polymers. Thus, many types of complexes of heparin with hydrophobic counter ions have been used in order to increase the ability of the heparin-counter ion complex to bind to hydrophobic surfaces. Such counter ions are typically cationic to facilitate binding with anionic heparin, and contain a hydrophobic region to facilitate bonding with the hydrophobic polymer. Typical heparin complexes include, but are not limited to, heparin complex with typically large quaternary ammonium species such as benzylalkonium groups (typically introduced in the form of benzylalkonium chloride), tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (“TDMEC”), and the commercial heparin complex offered by Baxter International under the tradename DURAFLO or DURAFLO II. Herein we denote as “heparin complex” any complex of heparin with a hydrophobic counter ion, typically a relatively large counter ion. Examples of heparin complexes are described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. (incorporated herein by reference): 4,654,327; 4,871,357; 5,047,020; 5,069,899; 5,525,348; 5,541,167 and references cited therein.

Considerable work has been done in developing coatings for application to various medical devices in which the coatings contain at least one form of heparin or heparin complex. Combinations of heparin and heparin complexes with other drugs, as well as various techniques for tailoring the coating to provide desired drug-release characteristics have been studied. Examples of such work include that of Chen et. al. (incorporated herein by reference), published in J. Vascular Surgery, Vol 22, No. 3 pp 237-247 (September 1995) and the following U.S. Pat. Nos. (incorporated herein by reference): 4,118,485; 4,678,468; 4,745,105; 4,745,107; 4,895,566; 5,013,717; 5,061,738; 5,135,516; 5,322,659; 5,383,927; 5,417,969; 5,441,759; 5,865,814; 5,876,433; 5,879,697; 5,993,890 as well as references cited in the foregoing patents and article, such cited references hereby incorporated a reference into this document.

Implantable medical devices often require some degree of porosity to enable blood to come into contact with underlying tissues, to increase the surface area for delivery of therapeutic substances, or for other purposes. Therefore, porous polymers are widely used in medical devices. The advantages of porosity are not limited to implantable devices, and porous materials are used in extra-corporal devices as well as invasive medical devices. However, the problem of coating with heparin is exacerbated if the hydrophobic polymer is also porous. In addition to binding with the hydrophobic surface, the heparin complex must also penetrate into the interstices of the porous structure of the polymer and bind to all or substantially all of the polymer surface that comes into contact with blood.

Fluorinated polymers are typically chemically unreactive, have low surface energy and are hydrophobic. Such properties are generally favorable for use in medical devices as described, for example by F. H. Silver and D. L. Christiansen in Biomaterials Science and Biocompatibility, (Springer-Verlag, 1999) p. 19. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), PTFE, is a polymeric material with repeating units of (—CF₂CF₂—) having numerous commercial uses, including in blood-contacting devices, due in large part to its chemical inertness and desirable physical properties. PTFE in the form of a film or solid has low surface energy and, therefore, is a relatively difficult surface to coat (or “wet”). “Wetting” typically indicates the tendency of a liquid to spread and coat the surface onto which it is placed. The specific relationship between surface energy and the contact angle at the interface between a drop and the surface (the “wetting”) is given in standard references including Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 6^(th) Ed. by A. W. Adams and A. P. Gast (John Wiley, 1997), p. 465 ff. A contact angle between the liquid and the surface greater than approximately 90° typically indicates a non-wetting liquid on that particular surface.

In many medical and non-medical commercial uses, it is desirable to have PTFE in the form of a porous film that retains adequate physical strength for the particular application while not substantially increasing the cost of the material. Expanded PTFE (hereinafter “ePTFE”) is a form of PTFE that has been physically expanded along one or more directions to create a porous form of PTFE having varying amounts of porosity depending on several factors including the specific procedures for performing the mechanical expansion. The porous ePTFE thus created is useful for the manufacture of several commercial products as illustrated (for example) by the work of Gore in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,187,390 and the work of House et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,484.Applications to stents include the work of Lewis et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,489) and Bley et. al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,674,241 and 5,968,070). The chemical inactivity, and other properties of fluorinated polymers including PTPE and ePTFE, have made them attractive substances for use in many medical and blood-contacting devices. Representative examples include dental implant devices (Scantlebury et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,916), grafts, stents and intraluminal prosthetic devices (Bley et. al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,674,241 and 5,968,070; Goldfarb et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,016; Lewis et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,489; Tu et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,134).

Expanded PTFE is widely used in medical devices and is perhaps one of the most widely used vascular graft materials. In fact, ePTFE has a large range of application in blood-contacting medical devices including, but not limited to, segmental venous replacements, reconstructed veins in organ transplantation, polymer catheters, in-dwelling catheters, urological and coronary stents, covered stents, heart valves, dental implants, orthopedic devices, vascular grafts, synthetic by-pass grafts and other invasive and implantable medical devices. In addition, ePTFE can be used in extra-corporal blood-contacting devices. Examples include, but are not limited to, heart by-pass devices, kidney dialysis equipment, blood oxygenators, defoaming machines, among others.

FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of porous ePTFE from the work of House et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,484). FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic depictions of two forms of ePTFE showing biaxially oriented fibrils (FIG. 2A), and multiaxially oriented fibrils (FIG. 2B). Both FIGS. 2A and 2B are from House et. al. (supra). Low surface energy characteristic of fluoropolymers and other hydrophobic polymers, in combination with the porosity of ePTFE, make the application of a coating to ePTFE, including coating of the interior surfaces of the pores, a significant challenge. Providing such a coating for ePTFE is one objective of the present invention.

However, when used in a blood-contacting environment, ePTFE tends to be thrombogenic and its porosity may release entrapped gases (which may itself be a source of thrombogenicity as discussed, for example, by Vaun et. al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,903). Therefore, considerable effort has gone into the coating of ePTFE to reduce its thrombogenicity and/or provide other therapeutic effects. Hemocompatibility can be achieved by a variety of means, including coating with a hydrophilic, biologically passive, polymer, or by coating with materials having a biologically active component such as heparin or a complex of heparin including the commercially available heparin complex DURAFLO or DURAFLO II (Baxter Healthcare, Inc.). Improved procedures for coating ePTFE with hemocompatible substances, typically substances containing derivatives or complexes of heparin, and the improved hemocompatible materials so produced are among the objects of the present invention. We use the expressions “derivative of heparin” and “complex of heparin” interchangeably herein without distinction to indicate a chemical combination of heparin with a counter ion.

Although fluoropolymers have been among the most commonly used materials for blood-contacting devices, polyurethanes, polyethylene terephthalates (“PETs”) and numerous other fluorinated and non-fluorinated polymers have also found considerable application. Modifications of polyurethanes, PETs and other plastics have included the introduction of coatings for antithrombogenic and anticoagulant properties. PET is an example of a non-fluorinated polymer that is highly hydrophobic and therefore difficult to coat with polar, aqueous materials such as heparin. PTFE is but one example of the general chemical class of fluoropolymer that also includes FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), PFA (perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether and tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer), PVDF (polyvinylidenedifluoride), PVF (polyvinylfluoride), PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), ETFE (ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer) TFB (terpolymer of vinylidenedifluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene) and other fluoropolymers as known in the art and described in many references including, for example, W. Woebcken in Saechtling International Plastics Handbook for the Technologist Engineer and User, 3^(rd) Ed., (Hanser Publishers, 1995) pp. 234-240, incorporated herein by reference.

Coating the interior regions of highly porous materials such as ePTFE with significant amounts of a hemocompatible substances presents special challenges in addition to the hydrophobicity, deriving in part from the relative inaccessibility of much of the surface to be coated.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a medical device comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate. The hemocompatible polymer substrate is produced by a method comprising the following acts: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and, c)contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, provided that the hemocompatible substance is not subjected to a dialdehyde cross-linking or dialdehyde stabilization step before in vivo use.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a medical device comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate. The hemocompatible polymer substrate is produced by a method comprising the following acts: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that particularly enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a medical device comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate. The hemocompatible polymer substrate is produced by a method comprising the following acts: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer, provided that the amount of a mixture of trichloro trifluoro ethanes is 10 wt % or less.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a medical device, comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate. The hemocompatible polymer substrate is produced by a method comprising the following acts: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, provided that the solution has a maximum ethanol content of 10 wt %.

An example of the medican device of the above various embodiments is a stent.

In the various embodiments above, the second solvent particularly enhances solubility of the hemocompatible substance.

In the various embodiments above, the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate can compose a blood-contacting component of a medical device. The porous hydrophobic polymer substrate can include at least one polymer material such as porous polyethylene materials, porous polypropylene materials, porous polyurethane materials, porous polyacrylate materials, porous polymethacrylate materials and porous fluoropolymer materials. In some embodiments, the porous fluoropolymer material comprises an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material.

In the various embodiments above, the hemocompatible substance can comprise ionic heparin and a hydrophobic counter ion. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic counter ion can be a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ion. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic counter ion can one or more of benzylalkonium ion and tridodecylmethylammonium ion. In some embodiments, the hemocompatible substance can form a coating on the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate.

In the various embodiments above, the hemocompatible substance can be deposited on the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate by dipping.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Scanning electron micrograph of ePTFE from U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,484.

FIG. 2A: Schematic depiction of porous structure of ePTFE from U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,484 depicting biaxially oriented fibrils.

FIG. 2B: Schematic depiction of porous structure of ePTFE from U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,484 depicting multiaxially oriented fibrils.

FIG. 3: Cut-away depiction of a portion of a covered stent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to the coating of porous, hydrophobic polymers, typically fluoropolymers such as expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene), ePTFE, with hemocompatible substances, so as to perfuse and coat substantially all regions of the surface that come into contact with blood, including the interior regions of the porous structure that are difficult to access and difficult to coat by conventional means. Complexes of heparin are the typical hemocompatible substances employed in some embodiments of the present invention.

We follow the conventional usage that “wetting” indicates that the contact angle formed by the tangent to the surface of the liquid and the surface of the solid at the point of contact is less than 90° (measured through the liquid phase) such that the liquid tends to spread over the surface of the solid. Conversely, nonwetting indicates that the liquid tends to ball up on the surface of the solid and run off the surface easily. Contact angles are known in the art and provide one criteria by which candidate solvents of the present invention can be identified. For example, contact angles of selected liquids with selected surfaces (including fluoropolymers such as PTFE, FEP) are provided in Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 6^(th) Ed. (supra) pp. 365-366.

The present invention is not inherently limited to ePTFE or to fluoropolymers as a class. Porous hydrophobic polymeric materials, that are typically difficult to coat with hemocompatible materials by procedures of the prior art are included within the scope of the present invention. Examples of porous hydrophobic polymers include the following: porous polyethylene, porous polypropylene, porous polyurethanes, porous polyacrylates, porous polymethacrylates, among others. Biocompatible polyurethanes, PETs and other polymers have also been used as blood-contacting substances in medical devices, subject to coating with heparin complexes and/or other hemocompatible or therapeutic molecules pursuant to the methods of the present invention. However, PTFE is but one example of a class of commercially important fluoropolymers. Other examples include those noted above; FEP, PFA, PVDF, PVF, PCTFE, ETFE, TFB and other fluoropolymers as known in the art. Blends containing ePTFE, other fluoropolymers and/or other hydrophobic polymers are included within the scope of the present invention. Such blends are coatable by means of the procedures described herein and the resulting coated materials are useful in blood-contacting medical devices.

To be concrete in our discussions we describe in detail the particular embodiments in which expanded PTFE is coated with a hemocompatible substance containing heparin as one component thereof. Other embodiments making use of other porous hydrophobic polymers and/or other hemocompatible substances consistent with the procedures and conditions of the present invention represent obvious modifications of the present invention and are included within its scope. Some embodiments specifically exclude subjecting the hemocompatible substance to a dialdehyde cross-linking or dialdehyde stabilization step before in vivo use.

The present invention relates to coating ePTFE without distinction as to the particular microstructure present in the ePTFE prior to coating. Herein we use “ePTFE” to indicate any porous structure of the PTFE polymer, irrespective of its specific and detailed microstructure and irrespective of the detailed procedure for its formation. Commercially available embodiments of ePTFE such as GORE-TEX (W. L. Gore and Associates) are included. In some embodiments of the present invention, mechanically expansion of PTFE is the means by which porosity is obtained. However, as described by Gore (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,187,390, incorporated herein by reference), mechanical expansion is not the only way to obtain porous PTFE. The coating procedures of the present invention can be used for coating porous polymeric materials, including ePTFE, irrespective of the specific mechanism by which the porosity is introduced into the material. However, for economy of language, we use “ePTFE” to denote a porous form of PTFE, however produced, recognizing that mechanically expanded PTFE is but one means of obtaining the desired porosity.

Liquids having contact angles with PTFE less than 90° include non-polar organic solvents such as alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane and octane, among others) and cycloalkanes, freons or related materials such as chlorofluorocarbons (“CFCs”) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (“HCFCs”). Commercial solvents include CFCs and HCFCs such as “Techspray AMS Flux Remover” (from Techspray, Inc., of Amarillo, Tex.) and “Gensolv 2004” (from Micro Care Corp. of Bristol, Conn.). Various ethers, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane are among the solvents wetting PTFE. For some embodiments of the present invention, a candidate solvent is any solvent that is known to wet fluoropolymers (particularly ePTFE) or the hydrophobic polymer of interest. Although pure solvents are discussed herein, this is merely for economy of language. Mixtures of solvents that retain the property of being able to wet the hydrophobic surface, particularly ePTFE, are included within the scope of the present invention.

Some invention embodiments specifically exclude solvent mixtures that comprise more than 10 weight percent, more than 20 weight percent, more than 30 weight percent, or more than 40 weight percent of a mixture of trifluoro trichloro ethanes.

A hydrophobic complex of heparin is dissolved in the polymer-wetting primary solvent for penetration into the porous structure and deposition onto ePTFE in some embodiments of the present invention. Some (typically small) amount of heparin complex dissolves in pure polymer-wetting solvent as described above, but typically does not lead to biologically useful amounts of heparin being deposited onto the hydrophobic surfaces. Therefore, in some embodiments of the present invention, the solubility of heparin complexes is enhanced by the addition of relatively small amounts of a polar solvent to the non-polar primary solvent. The non-polar primary solvent is chosen to provide adequate penetration into the interior of the porous hydrophobic material, while the polar solubility-enhancing component of the solvent is selected to facilitate dissolution of heparin complexes in the solvent mixture. Candidate polar solubility-enhancing additives included organic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, among others), ketones (acetone, methylethylketone, among others). Mixtures of one or more chemical compounds can also be used as the solubility-enhancing solvent.

In some embodiments, the solubility-enhancing component is limited to solvents or solvent mixtures that have at least the following two characteristics. First, the hemocompatible substance is more soluble in the solubility-enhancing component than the substance is in the polymer-wetting primary solvent. Second, the hemocompatible substance is more soluble in the solubility-enhancing component than it is in a mixture of the polymer-wetting primary solvent and the solubility-enhancing component. Such solubility-enhancing components are said to be particularly solubility enhancing.

Some invention embodiments specifically exclude solvent mixtures that comprise more than 1 weight percent, more than 2 weight percent, more than 3 weight percent, more than 4 weight percent, more than 5 weight percent, more than 10 weight percent, more than 20 weight percent, more than 30 weight percent, or more than 40 weight percent of ethanol.

It is desirable, but not inherently necessary in some embodiments of the present invention, that the polar solvent be added to the non-polar solvent in an amount so as to form an azeotropic mixture. Azeotropic mixtures have the property of evaporating such that the unevaporated liquid retains the same composition to dryness. In contrast, non-azeotropic mixtures typically become more concentrated in the less volatile solvent as evaporation proceeds. A solute will thus experience a changing solvent composition during evaporation for non-azeotropic mixtures. This may lead to precipitation of the solute and tend to create non-uniform coatings. Thus, while non-azeotropic mixtures may be used with acceptable results, azeotropic mixtures typically give better coatings.

One example of a substantially azeotropic mixture described in detail below includes a polymer-wetting solvent HCFC-225 containing about 6% methanol (by volume). This solvent mixture is found to be adequate in the some embodiments of the present invention. “HCFC-225” is a mixture of isomers of dichloropentafluoropropane, typically HCFC-225ca is CF₃CF₂CHCl₂ and HCFC225cb is CCIF₂CF₂CHFCl. However, azeotropic mixtures are not necessary in the present invention and adequate results are obtained with concentrations of polar solvent from approximately 0.00001% up to saturation of the polar solvent dissolved in the non-polar solvent. In some embodiments of the present invention, concentrations of polar solvent in the range from about 0.1% to about 10% by volume are used. However, while the above ranges give therapeutically useful amounts of hemocompatible substances, better quality coatings are typically obtained with concentrations in the range from approximately 0.1% to approximately 2%. A range from approximately 0.5% to approximately 1% is particularly useful in that 0.5% has enough hemocompatible material for therapeutically effective coatings by 1% is dilute enough to avoid webbing.

Thus, the present invention includes adding relatively small amounts of an organic alcohol (such as ethanol, methanol, among others) or a similar solubility-enhancing polar solvent to a polymer-wetting solvent. The solubility enhancing solvent is added to the polymer-wetting solvent in such quantity (typically small) that the mixed solvent provides adequate solubility for heparin complexes without substantially hindering penetration of the pores or wetting of the hydrophobic polymer. Thus, in one embodiment a mixed solvent is created that both wets ePTFE and delivers heparin to all surfaces of the porous structure.

Having dissolved a suitable heparin complex in a mixed solvent as described herein, coating of the ePTFE with the heparin complex may be performed by any convenient method that brings the heparin-containing solution into intimate contact with all surface regions of the ePTFE substrate including the interior regions of the pores. Dip coating is one technique that can be used in some embodiments of the present invention although other coating techniques known in the art may also be used, including spraying.

FIG. 3 depicts a portion of an endoluminal stent in cut-away view, showing the interior region of the stent, 1, the struts, 2, and a covering, 3. The covering material for the stent, 3, is typically porous to allow blood flowing on the interior of the stent, 1, to come into contact with the interior surfaces of the lumen in which the stent is placed. Porous materials containing hemocompatible substances thereon may be used in many medical devices, one example of which is stent covering, 3. Expanded PTFE is a typical stent covering material. Other materials for covering stents are described elsewhere herein and in the references cited.

Hemocompatible substances placed onto stent cover, 3, include heparin and heparin complexes. One embodiment of the present invention relates to coating a ePTFE stent covering material with a heparin complex, typically DURAFLO or DURAFLO II. Typical pore sizes of ePTFE are in the range of approximately 5 μm (microns) to approximately 200 μm, commonly in the range from approximately 40 μm to approximately 120 μm.

EXAMPLES

DURAFLO II may be used herein in place of DURAFLO without modification.

-   -   1) Prepare a solution consisting of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon         HCFC-225 and 6% by volume methanol whereby the methanol enhances         the solubility of the heparin complex in the HCFC solvent.     -   2) Dissolve in the solution of step 1, a heparin complex,         DURAFLO. The concentration of DURAFLO in the solution is         selected to provide the desired coating of DURAFLO on the stent         cover. Too little drug on the stent cover may be therapeutically         ineffective. Too much may cause excess amounts of drug to be         released into the blood soon after the stent is implanted, to         the detriment of the patient.     -   3) Dip ePTFE into the solution of step 2 allowing the solution         to perfuse throughout the ePTFE porosity and deposit the DURAFLO         throughout.     -   4) Repeat step 3 if additional coating of DURAFLO is desired.         Other solvents that may be used in step 1 above include the         following:     -   1-a) Techspray AMS Flux Remover containing approximately 6%         methanol.     -   1-b) Genesolv 2004, dichlorofluoroethane containing         approximately 4% methanol.     -   1-c) Cyclohexane including approximately 5% n-propanol.         Other solutes that may be used in step 2 above include the         following:     -   2-a) TDMEC heparin.     -   2-b) Benzalkonium heparin.         Concentrations of solute in solvent may be any convenient value         leading to the appropriate deposition of hemocompatible         substance onto the surface of the polymer. Typical         concentrations in the range of approximately 1%-3% are found to         give adequate coatings.

The material produced by the above procedure is a suitable stent covering material containing DURAFLO (or other heparin complex) coated on substantially all surfaces thereof that will be exposed to blood during use. Dip or spray coating is conveniently done on a porous, hydrophobic polymer already mounted on the struts, forming thereby a stent covering. However, the hydrophobic, porous material may be coated pursuant to the present invention before, during or following the fabrication of the material into a medical device. The timing of coating and device fabrication is determined in part by manufacturing considerations including the damage likely to result to the hemocompatible substance by processing during device fabrication.

The properties of the coating can be tested in vitro by standard testing methods including AT-III binding or anti-Factor Xa Assay. Other biological assays include various ex vivo shunts.

This application hereby incorporated by reference the entire specification and claims of parent application, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/704,212.

Having described the invention in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that, given the present disclosure, modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit of the inventive concept described herein. Therefore, it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described. 

1. A medical device, comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate produced by: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and, c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, provided that the hemocompatible substance is not subjected to a dialdehyde cross-linking or dialdehyde stabilization step before in vivo use.
 2. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the medical device is a stent.
 3. The medical device of claim I wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate composes a blood-contacting component of a medical device.
 4. The medical device of claim I wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate includes at least one polymer material selected from the group consisting of porous polyethylene materials, porous polypropylene materials, porous polyurethane materials, porous polyacrylate materials, porous polymethacrylate materials and porous fluoropolymer materials.
 5. The medical device of claim 4 wherein the porous fluoropolymer material comprises an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material.
 6. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the hemocompatible substance comprises ionic heparin and a hydrophobic counter ion.
 7. The medical device of claim 6 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ion.
 9. The medical device of claim 6 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is one or more of benzylalkonium ion and tridodecylmethylammonium ion.
 10. The medical device of claim 1 wherein the hemocompatible substance is deposited on the hydrophobic polymer substrate by dipping.
 11. The medical device of claim 10 wherein the second solvent particularly enhances solubility of the hemocompatible substance.
 12. A medical device, comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate produced by: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that particularly enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer.
 13. The medical device of claim 12 wherein the medical device is a stent.
 14. The medical device of claim 12 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate composes a blood-contacting component of a medical device.
 16. The medical device of claim 12 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate includes at least one polymer material selected from the group consisting of porous polyethylene materials, porous polypropylene materials, porous polyurethane materials, porous polyacrylate materials, porous polymethacrylate materials and porous fluoropolymer materials.
 17. The medical device of claim 16 wherein the porous fluoropolymer material comprises an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material.
 18. The medical device of claim 12 wherein the hemocompatible substance comprises ionic heparin and a hydrophobic counter ion.
 19. The medical device of claim 18 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ion.
 20. The medical device of claim 18 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is one or more of benzylalkonium ion and tridodecylmethylammonium ion.
 21. The medical device of claim 12 wherein the hemocompatible substance is deposited on the hydrophobic polymer substrate by dipping.
 22. A medical device, comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate produced by: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and, c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, provided that the amount of a mixture of trichloro trifluoro ethanes is 10 wt % or less.
 23. The medical device of claim 22 wherein the medical device is a stent.
 24. The medical device of claim 22 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate composes a blood-contacting component of a medical device.
 25. The medical device of claim 22 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate includes at least one polymer material selected from the group consisting of porous polyethylene materials, porous polypropylene materials, porous polyurethane materials, porous polyacrylate materials, porous polymethacrylate materials and porous fluoropolymer materials.
 26. The medical device of claim 25 wherein the porous fluoropolymer material comprises an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material.
 27. The medical device of claim 22 wherein the hemocompatible substance comprises ionic heparin and a hydrophobic counter ion.
 28. The medical device of claim 27 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ion.
 29. The medical device of claim 27 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is one or more of benzylalkonium ion and tridodecylmethylammonium ion.
 30. The medical device of claim 22 wherein the hemocompatible substance is deposited on the hydrophobic polymer substrate by dipping.
 31. The medical device of claim 30 wherein the second solvent particularly enhances solubility of the hemocompatible substance.
 32. A medical device, comprising at least one blood-contacting surface comprising a porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, wherein at least a portion of the at least one blood-contacting surface comprises a hemocompatible polymer substrate produced by: a) providing a hemocompatible substance, b) preparing a solution comprising a mixture of: a first solvent that wets the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate; a second solvent that enhances the solubility of the hemocompatible substance in the solution; and the hemocompatible substance; and c) contacting the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate with the solution thereby causing the hemocompatible substance to deposit onto the surface of the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate, provided that the solution has a maximum ethanol content of 10 wt %.
 33. The medical device of claim 32 wherein the medical device is a stent.
 34. The medical device of claim 32 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate composes a blood-contacting component of a medical device.
 35. The medical device of claim 32 wherein the porous hydrophobic polymer substrate includes at least one polymer material selected from the group consisting of porous polyethylene materials, porous polypropylene materials, porous polyurethane materials, porous polyacrylate materials, porous polymethacrylate materials and porous fluoropolymer materials.
 36. The medical device of claim 35 wherein the porous fluoropolymer material comprises an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) material.
 37. The medical device of claim 32 wherein the hemocompatible substance comprises ionic heparin and a hydrophobic counter ion.
 38. The medical device of claim 37 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ion.
 39. The medical device of claim 37 wherein the hydrophobic counter ion is one or more of benzylalkonium ion and tridodecylmethylammonium ion.
 40. The medical device of claim 32 wherein the hemocompatible substance is deposited on the hydrophobic polymer substrate by dipping.
 41. The medical device of claim 40 wherein the second solvent particularly enhances solubility of the hemocompatible substance. 